Body Size and Renal Cell Cancer Incidence in a Large US Cohort Study
Body Size and Renal Cell Cancer Incidence in a Large US Cohort Study
Renal cell cancer (RCC) incidence has increased in the United States over the past three decades. The authors analyzed the association between body mass index (BMI) and invasive RCC in the National Institutes of Health (NIH)–AARP Diet and Health Study, a large, prospective cohort aged 50–71 years at baseline initiated in 1995–1996, with follow-up through December 2003. Detailed analyses were conducted in a subcohort responding to a second questionnaire, including BMI at younger ages (18, 35, and 50 years); weight change across three consecutive age intervals; waist, hip, and waist-to-hip ratio; and height at age 18 years. Incident RCC was diagnosed in 1,022 men and 344 women. RCC was positively and strongly related to BMI at study baseline. Among subjects analyzed in the subcohort, RCC associations were strongest for baseline BMI and BMI recalled at age 50 years and were successively attenuated for BMI recalled at ages 35 and 18 years. Weight gain in early (18–35 years of age) and mid- (35–50 years of age) adulthood was strongly associated with RCC, whereas weight gain after midlife (age 50 years to baseline) was unrelated. Waist-to hip ratio was positively associated with RCC in women and with height at age 18 years in both men and women.
The incidence of kidney cancer, which combines renal parenchyma (renal cell) and renal pelvis cancers, is increasing in the United States, with all of the increase due to renal cell cancer. High body mass has been consistently identified as a risk factor, which is of concern because a large proportion of the US adult population is overweight and obese.
Recent body mass is positively related to renal cell cancer in both men and women. A limited number of studies have investigated whether the body mass relation differs according to the age period during which body mass is considered—that is, whether body mass at any stage of adulthood is particularly associated with renal cell cancer—with conflicting results. Limited evidence suggests that weight gain is related to renal cell cancer risk, but, again, whether timing of weight gain matters is not understood. Most analyses report no association between height and renal cell cancer, although intriguing recent evidence suggests a relation between waist-to-hip ratio, a measure of abdominal adiposity, and renal cell cancer.
We analyzed the relations of renal cell cancer incidence with body size, including body mass index (BMI) at younger ages, weight change, waist and hip sizes, and height at age 18 years in the National Institutes of Health (NIH)–AARP Diet and Health Study, a large cohort of men and women living in six states and two metropolitan areas across the United States. The availability of several measures of body size and the large number of incident cases of renal cell cancer that have occurred enabled us to consider these associations in detail.
Renal cell cancer (RCC) incidence has increased in the United States over the past three decades. The authors analyzed the association between body mass index (BMI) and invasive RCC in the National Institutes of Health (NIH)–AARP Diet and Health Study, a large, prospective cohort aged 50–71 years at baseline initiated in 1995–1996, with follow-up through December 2003. Detailed analyses were conducted in a subcohort responding to a second questionnaire, including BMI at younger ages (18, 35, and 50 years); weight change across three consecutive age intervals; waist, hip, and waist-to-hip ratio; and height at age 18 years. Incident RCC was diagnosed in 1,022 men and 344 women. RCC was positively and strongly related to BMI at study baseline. Among subjects analyzed in the subcohort, RCC associations were strongest for baseline BMI and BMI recalled at age 50 years and were successively attenuated for BMI recalled at ages 35 and 18 years. Weight gain in early (18–35 years of age) and mid- (35–50 years of age) adulthood was strongly associated with RCC, whereas weight gain after midlife (age 50 years to baseline) was unrelated. Waist-to hip ratio was positively associated with RCC in women and with height at age 18 years in both men and women.
The incidence of kidney cancer, which combines renal parenchyma (renal cell) and renal pelvis cancers, is increasing in the United States, with all of the increase due to renal cell cancer. High body mass has been consistently identified as a risk factor, which is of concern because a large proportion of the US adult population is overweight and obese.
Recent body mass is positively related to renal cell cancer in both men and women. A limited number of studies have investigated whether the body mass relation differs according to the age period during which body mass is considered—that is, whether body mass at any stage of adulthood is particularly associated with renal cell cancer—with conflicting results. Limited evidence suggests that weight gain is related to renal cell cancer risk, but, again, whether timing of weight gain matters is not understood. Most analyses report no association between height and renal cell cancer, although intriguing recent evidence suggests a relation between waist-to-hip ratio, a measure of abdominal adiposity, and renal cell cancer.
We analyzed the relations of renal cell cancer incidence with body size, including body mass index (BMI) at younger ages, weight change, waist and hip sizes, and height at age 18 years in the National Institutes of Health (NIH)–AARP Diet and Health Study, a large cohort of men and women living in six states and two metropolitan areas across the United States. The availability of several measures of body size and the large number of incident cases of renal cell cancer that have occurred enabled us to consider these associations in detail.
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